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php mcv 实现

2026-01-29 14:11:45PHP

PHP 实现 MVC 架构的基本方法

MVC（Model-View-Controller）是一种常见的软件设计模式，用于分离业务逻辑、用户界面和数据层。以下是 PHP 实现 MVC 的基本框架和代码示例：

目录结构

典型的 MVC 目录结构如下：

app/
├── controllers/
├── models/
├── views/
public/
├── index.php

入口文件 (public/index.php)

<?php
require '../app/bootstrap.php';

$router = new Router();
$router->dispatch();

路由类 (核心组件)

class Router {
    public function dispatch() {
        $url = parse_url($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], PHP_URL_PATH);
        $url = trim($url, '/');
        $parts = explode('/', $url);

        $controllerName = ucfirst($parts[0] ?? 'home') . 'Controller';
        $action = $parts[1] ?? 'index';

        require_once "../app/controllers/$controllerName.php";

        if (class_exists($controllerName)) {
            $controller = new $controllerName();
            if (method_exists($controller, $action)) {
                $controller->$action();
            } else {
                http_response_code(404);
                echo "Action not found";
            }
        } else {
            http_response_code(404);
            echo "Controller not found";
        }
    }
}

控制器示例

class HomeController {
    public function index() {
        $model = new HomeModel();
        $data = $model->getData();

        require '../app/views/home/index.php';
    }
}

模型示例

class HomeModel {
    public function getData() {
        return [
            'title' => 'Welcome to MVC',
            'content' => 'This is a simple PHP MVC implementation'
        ];
    }
}

视图示例 (views/home/index.php)

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title><?= $data['title'] ?></title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1><?= $data['title'] ?></h1>
    <p><?= $data['content'] ?></p>
</body>
</html>

数据库连接封装

class Database {
    private $connection;

    public function __construct() {
        $this->connection = new PDO(
            'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=test',
            'username',
            'password'
        );
    }

    public function query($sql, $params = []) {
        $stmt = $this->connection->prepare($sql);
        $stmt->execute($params);
        return $stmt;
    }
}

进阶实现建议

使用 Composer 管理依赖创建 composer.json 文件并添加自动加载配置：

{
    "autoload": {
        "psr-4": {
            "App\\": "app/"
        }
    }
}

实现基类控制器

abstract class BaseController {
    protected function render($view, $data = []) {
        extract($data);
        require "../app/views/$view.php";
    }

    protected function redirect($url) {
        header("Location: $url");
        exit;
    }
}

添加中间件支持

trait Middleware {
    protected $middlewares = [];

    public function middleware($name) {
        $this->middlewares[] = $name;
        return $this;
    }

    protected function runMiddlewares() {
        foreach ($this->middlewares as $middleware) {
            $middlewareClass = new $middleware();
            $middlewareClass->handle();
        }
    }
}

安全注意事项

验证所有用户输入

$cleanInput = filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'param', FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING);

使用预处理语句防止 SQL 注入

$stmt = $db->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = :id");
$stmt->execute([':id' => $userId]);

实现 CSRF 保护

session_start();
if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'POST') {
    if ($_POST['csrf_token'] !== $_SESSION['csrf_token']) {
        die('CSRF validation failed');
    }
}
$_SESSION['csrf_token'] = bin2hex(random_bytes(32));

php mcv 实现