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php 实现路由

2026-04-02 23:15:23PHP

路由的基本概念

路由是指将不同的URL请求映射到对应的处理逻辑或控制器方法。在PHP中实现路由通常需要解析URL，并根据解析结果调用相应的处理函数或类方法。

基于原生PHP实现路由

创建index.php作为入口文件，所有请求都通过该文件处理：

<?php
$request = $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'];
switch ($request) {
    case '/':
        require 'home.php';
        break;
    case '/about':
        require 'about.php';
        break;
    default:
        http_response_code(404);
        require '404.php';
        break;
}
?>

使用正则表达式实现动态路由

对于更灵活的路由匹配，可以使用正则表达式：

<?php
$request = $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'];
$routes = [
    '/^\/user\/(\d+)$/' => function($id) {
        echo "User ID: " . $id;
    },
    '/^\/post\/([a-z0-9-]+)$/' => function($slug) {
        echo "Post Slug: " . $slug;
    }
];

foreach ($routes as $pattern => $handler) {
    if (preg_match($pattern, $request, $matches)) {
        array_shift($matches);
        call_user_func_array($handler, $matches);
        exit;
    }
}

http_response_code(404);
echo "404 Not Found";
?>

使用面向对象方式实现路由

创建Router类来封装路由逻辑：

<?php
class Router {
    private $routes = [];

    public function addRoute($pattern, $handler) {
        $this->routes[$pattern] = $handler;
    }

    public function dispatch() {
        $request = parse_url($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], PHP_URL_PATH);

        foreach ($this->routes as $pattern => $handler) {
            if (preg_match('#^' . $pattern . '$#', $request, $matches)) {
                array_shift($matches);
                call_user_func_array($handler, $matches);
                return;
            }
        }

        http_response_code(404);
        echo "404 Not Found";
    }
}

$router = new Router();
$router->addRoute('/user/(\d+)', function($id) {
    echo "User ID: " . $id;
});
$router->dispatch();
?>

使用现有路由组件

对于生产环境，推荐使用成熟的PHP路由组件：

FastRoute - 高性能路由库


<?php
require 'vendor/autoload.php';
$dispatcher = FastRoute\simpleDispatcher(function(FastRoute\RouteCollector $r) {
 $r->addRoute('GET', '/users', 'get_all_users_handler');
 $r->addRoute('GET', '/user/{id:\d+}', 'get_user_handler');
});

$routeInfo = $dispatcher->dispatch($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'], $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']); switch ($routeInfo[0]) { case FastRoute\Dispatcher::NOT_FOUND: // 404处理 break; case FastRoute\Dispatcher::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED: // 405处理 break; case FastRoute\Dispatcher::FOUND: $handler = $routeInfo[1]; $vars = $routeInfo[2]; call_user_func($handler, $vars); break; } ?>


2. Symfony Routing - Symfony框架的路由组件
```php
<?php
use Symfony\Component\Routing\RouteCollection;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\Route;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\RequestContext;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\Matcher\UrlMatcher;

$routes = new RouteCollection();
$routes->add('home', new Route('/', [
    '_controller' => 'HomeController::index'
]));
$routes->add('user', new Route('/user/{id}', [
    '_controller' => 'UserController::show'
]));

$context = new RequestContext();
$context->fromRequest(Request::createFromGlobals());

$matcher = new UrlMatcher($routes, $context);
$parameters = $matcher->match($context->getPathInfo());

$controller = $parameters['_controller'];
// 调用控制器...
?>